V2G, V2H, and V2L: what is the difference?
The three terms are often used interchangeably, but they describe different levels of bidirectional capability. Understanding the distinction matters when choosing a car or charger.
V2L: vehicle-to-load
V2L is the simplest form of bidirectional capability. It allows you to power appliances directly from the car's battery via an adaptor, in the same way you would use a portable generator. No special charger is required; you just plug appliances into the car's V2L socket or adaptor.
V2L is the most widely available bidirectional feature. Many current EVs offer it, including the Hyundai IONIQ 6, Kia EV6, Kia Niro EV, Hyundai Kona Electric, and Ford Mustang Mach-E. It is useful for camping, outdoor events, or powering tools, but it does not interact with your home's electrical circuits or the national grid.
V2H: vehicle-to-home
V2H directs energy from the car's battery into your home's electrical circuits. This can power your home during a grid outage, reduce peak-time electricity imports, or use stored overnight cheap energy during the day. V2H requires a compatible bidirectional charger installed by a certified electrician, but the setup is simpler than V2G because the energy stays within your property and does not require G99 grid code certification.
For a full breakdown of V2H-capable models and compatible chargers, see our V2H compatible cars guide.
V2G: vehicle-to-grid
V2G goes one step further and sends energy back to the national grid. This means your car's battery can be used as a grid balancing asset, charging at times of low demand and low prices, then exporting when demand and prices peak. In practice, this happens automatically via a smart tariff and compatible hardware.
V2G requires G99 grid code certification, which means the car, the charger, and the installation must all be certified to the same standard. Nissan was the first manufacturer to achieve G99 AC V2G certification in the UK, paving the way for its forthcoming AC V2G charger. This certification requirement is why V2G is available on fewer models than V2H, and why compatible charger hardware is still relatively expensive.
V2G-compatible electric cars in the UK (2026)
The following models are confirmed or expected to support V2G in the UK market at the time of writing. Specifications and availability change, so verify all details on the manufacturer's UK website and with a certified installer before purchasing.
| Model | Battery | Connector | V2G status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kia EV9 | 99.8 kWh | CCS | V2G capable now | Wallbox Quasar 2 recommended charger |
| Kia EV2 | ~55 kWh | CCS | V2G standard all trims | Expected launch 2026, under £25,000; verify on Kia UK at launch |
| Hyundai IONIQ 5 Long Range | 77.4 kWh | CCS (800V) | V2G installer-dependent | Requires compatible certified bidirectional charger |
| BYD Dolphin (V2G variant) | ~60 kWh | CCS | V2G via Octopus bundle only | Octopus Power Pack bundle at ~£300/month at time of writing |
| Renault 5 E-Tech | 52 kWh | CCS (onboard 11 kW AC inverter) | V2H/V2G capable | 2026 UK launch; onboard inverter simplifies installation |
| VW ID.3 / ID.4 / ID.7 (77 kWh) | 77 kWh | CCS | V2G via OTA Software 3.5 update (free for existing owners) | Check with your Volkswagen retailer for update eligibility; rollout is staged |
| Nissan Leaf (3rd gen) | ~60 kWh | CCS | V2H capable now; V2G forthcoming | V2G expected via Nissan Energy AC charger in 2026 |
Not V2G compatible: Tesla
All current Tesla models, including the Model 3, Model Y, Model S, and Model X, do not support V2G or V2H. Tesla has not announced UK plans for bidirectional charging. If V2G capability is important to your buying decision, Tesla is not currently an option.
V2L only (not full V2G or V2H)
The following models support V2L (powering appliances from the car) but do not offer full V2H or V2G capability: Hyundai IONIQ 6, Kia EV6, Kia Niro EV, Hyundai Kona Electric, and Ford Mustang Mach-E. V2L is useful for certain applications but does not allow you to power your home circuits or export to the grid.
Several of the most capable V2G electric cars are also among the longest-range models on sale in the UK. See our guide to long-range EVs with V2G capability for a full comparison of range, battery size, and bidirectional support.
V2G-compatible chargers in the UK
Choosing the right charger is just as important as choosing the right car. V2G requires a bidirectional charger that is certified to G99 grid code standards. The following options are available in the UK at the time of writing.
Wallbox Quasar 2
The Wallbox Quasar 2 is a DC bidirectional charger with a maximum output of 11.5 kW. It supports CCS2 and is compatible with V2H and V2G operation. Installed cost is approximately £6,100, though this varies by installer and property. It is one of the most widely cited V2G-capable chargers in the UK and is the recommended option for the Kia EV9 in bidirectional configurations. Verify current pricing with a certified installer before purchasing, as costs vary.
Zaptec Go 2
The Zaptec Go 2 is an AC bidirectional charger that launched in the UK in September 2025. It is ISO 15118-20 compliant, supports up to 22 kW on a three-phase supply, and is OTA-updatable for future protocol support. For most domestic properties with single-phase supply, the practical output is 7 kW. The AC approach makes installation simpler and potentially less expensive than DC bidirectional units. Verify current pricing and installer availability via Zaptec's UK website.
Indra Smart Pro
The Indra Smart Pro is a UK-manufactured bidirectional charger with a V2H focus. It is designed for domestic installation and is MCS-certified, which is relevant if you want to stack Smart Export Guarantee payments alongside V2H savings. Pricing is available on request from Indra directly.
Enphase IQ Bidirectional
The Enphase IQ Bidirectional charger is designed specifically for solar PV integration and is compatible with V2H operation. It uses a microinverter architecture and supports Black Start capability, meaning it can restart the home's solar and storage system following a grid outage without an external power source. Well-suited to homes with existing Enphase solar installations.
Nissan Energy AC charger (coming 2026)
Nissan has announced an AC V2G charger expected to launch in 2026, targeted at a price point comparable to a standard home wallbox. This would significantly reduce the hardware barrier to V2G for Nissan Leaf owners and, potentially, other compatible vehicles. Verify availability and pricing on the Nissan UK website when announced.
The Octopus Power Pack: V2G in practice
The Octopus Power Pack is the UK's most accessible V2G route for homeowners today. It works by automatically charging your car when grid electricity is cheapest (typically overnight) and exporting energy during peak demand, when grid prices are highest. The process is managed automatically via smart tariff software, without requiring manual intervention.
At the time of writing, the Octopus Power Pack is available for eligible customers with a compatible vehicle and charger. The BYD Dolphin V2G variant is offered as a bundle at approximately £300 per month, which includes the vehicle, charger, and tariff management. Check current pricing and eligibility directly with Octopus Electric Vehicles, as bundle prices change.
V2G export earnings depend on the spread between off-peak import rates and peak export rates. Suppliers including Octopus, OVO, and E.ON are paying approximately 15p per kWh for Smart Export Guarantee surplus exports at the time of writing. Verify current rates directly with your supplier, as these change regularly.
To stack SEG and V2H payments, MCS-certified hardware is required. Confirm certification with your installer before purchasing.
What does V2G mean for your running costs?
V2G offers two financial benefits: earning from exporting to the grid during peak demand, and reducing import costs by using stored cheap overnight energy during the day. Combined with a solar installation, a V2H/V2G-capable EV can cover a meaningful portion of a home's energy needs.
However, the economics are not straightforward. Bidirectional charger hardware currently costs between approximately £3,700 and £6,000 or above for DC units. Payback periods at current export rates are long for most households. The AC V2G charger options (Zaptec Go 2, forthcoming Nissan charger) aim to bring hardware costs closer to a standard wallbox, which would improve the payback calculation considerably.
If you are planning a solar installation alongside a new EV, choosing a V2G-capable vehicle from the outset gives you the infrastructure to benefit fully once more affordable bidirectional chargers are widely available. For more on solar and EV charging compatibility, see our guide to electric cars compatible with solar charging.
Is V2G right for you?
V2G suits you if:
- You are planning to buy a compatible new EV in 2026 (Kia EV2, Renault 5 E-Tech, VW ID with 77 kWh battery and OTA update)
- You have solar panels and want to maximise self-consumption by storing surplus generation in the car battery
- You are comfortable with the current hardware investment in exchange for long-term running cost benefits
- You are interested in an Octopus Power Pack arrangement and are happy to use a BYD Dolphin or compatible Nissan model
V2G is less suitable if:
- You drive a Tesla (no V2G or V2H support currently)
- You want to keep upfront hardware costs low for now (consider V2L-capable models as a lower-cost alternative)
- You do not regularly charge at home overnight (V2G requires consistent home charging to be effective)
Key takeaways
- V2G exports energy to the national grid; V2H powers your home; V2L powers appliances. These are distinct levels of bidirectional capability
- Confirmed UK V2G-compatible models in 2026 include the Kia EV9, Kia EV2, Hyundai IONIQ 5 Long Range, BYD Dolphin (Octopus bundle), Renault 5 E-Tech, and VW ID.3/4/7 (77 kWh, via OTA update)
- Tesla models do not support V2G or V2H
- V2G requires a G99-certified bidirectional charger; current UK options include the Wallbox Quasar 2 and Zaptec Go 2
- The Octopus Power Pack is the UK's most accessible V2G route today; export rates are approximately 15p per kWh at time of writing, verify with your supplier
- Nissan's forthcoming AC V2G charger aims to reduce hardware costs to a level comparable with a standard wallbox
Frequently asked questions
Which electric cars support V2G charging in the UK?
Confirmed V2G-capable UK models in 2026 include the Kia EV9, Kia EV2 (expected 2026 launch), Hyundai IONIQ 5 Long Range, BYD Dolphin (via Octopus Power Pack bundle), Renault 5 E-Tech, and the VW ID.3, ID.4, and ID.7 (77 kWh battery, via a free OTA software update). The Nissan Leaf (3rd gen) is V2H capable now, with V2G expected to follow via Nissan's forthcoming AC charger. Tesla models are not V2G or V2H compatible.
What is the difference between V2G and V2H?
V2G (vehicle-to-grid) sends energy from your car's battery back to the national grid, typically during peak demand periods, via a certified charger and network registration. V2H (vehicle-to-home) directs that energy into your home's electrical circuits instead of the grid. V2G requires G99 grid code certification for the car, charger, and installer; V2H is simpler to set up and more widely available today.
Can I earn money from V2G charging?
Yes, through tariffs such as the Octopus Power Pack. By charging your car cheaply overnight and exporting during peak demand, you can earn approximately 15p per kWh from suppliers including Octopus, OVO, and E.ON, at the time of writing. Rates change regularly, so verify current figures directly with your supplier. The high cost of V2G-capable charger hardware (£3,700 to £6,000 or above for DC units) means payback periods are currently long. Nissan's forthcoming AC V2G charger aims to close this gap.
Do I need a special charger for V2G?
Yes. V2G requires a bidirectional charger certified to G99 grid code standards. Current UK options include the Wallbox Quasar 2 (DC, approximately £6,100 installed), the Zaptec Go 2 (AC, launched September 2025), and the Indra Smart Pro. The charger, car, and installation must all be compatible. Always check with a certified installer before purchasing.
Is V2G bad for the battery?
Modern V2G systems are designed to manage the charge and discharge cycle to minimise battery degradation. Controlled V2G discharge does not significantly accelerate degradation compared with normal charging, according to trial data. Battery Management Systems in V2G-capable cars actively protect cell health during export. For peace of mind, check whether your car manufacturer covers V2G use within the standard battery warranty.
Several of the most capable V2G electric cars are also among the longest-range models available in the UK. See our guide to long-range EVs with V2G capability to compare models by range, battery size, and bidirectional support.